Inference
Last updated
An inference is a conclusion a reader or listener draws by combining clues in the text with their own knowledge.
Topic: Reading and writing instruction
In plain terms
Authors do not state everything. If a character shivers and grabs a coat, the reader infers it is cold. Making inferences requires noticing clues, connecting them with background knowledge, and checking that the conclusion fits. It is hard for many students with language and reading disabilities, and it can be taught explicitly.
How it shows up in an IEP
Inference goals specify the text or story type and support: "will answer inferential questions and cite one clue from a short passage in 4 of 5 opportunities." Asking for the clue shows the reasoning, not just the guess.
Example
After reading that a character's shoes are muddy and the umbrella by the door is dripping, a student infers it was raining and points to the two clues.
Related terms
- Reading comprehensionReading comprehension is understanding and making meaning from text, by combining word reading, language knowledge and thinking skills.
- Constructed responseA constructed response is a question students answer in their own words, such as a short written explanation, rather than choosing from options.
- Receptive languageReceptive language is the ability to understand language: words, sentences, directions, questions and stories.
- Wh- questionsWh- questions are questions that start with who, what, where, when, why or how and ask for information, not a yes or no.
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