Phonological and phonemic awareness
Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and work with the sounds in spoken words, with no print involved. Students who cannot blend three sounds into a word or pull the first sound off a word will stall in phonics no matter how good the phonics program is.
These guides follow the usual sequence, from rhyming and syllables to blending, segmenting and manipulating single sounds. They cover quick oral assessments, five minute daily routines, and how to write a goal that names the exact task, the number of sounds and the criterion.
Start here
- Phonemic awareness interventions for students with IEPs
Phonemic awareness intervention that works: the skill sequence from rhyme to substitution, a 10-minute routine with exact prompts, error correction and goals.
How-to guides
- A 10-minute daily phonemic awareness routine
A daily phonemic awareness routine in five timed parts, a six-week scope, one week of word lists and a fidelity checklist for whole-class or small-group use.
- Blending sounds activities: phoneme blending in teaching order
Blending sounds activities in teaching order, from stretched two-sound words to four-sound words with letters, plus how to pair blending with segmenting.
- Elkonin boxes: how to use sound boxes for segmenting
How to use Elkonin boxes step by step: tokens first, then letter tiles, then writing, with digraph and blend rules, word lists and a worked example.
- Manipulatives for phonemic awareness: what to use for each skill
Which phonemic awareness manipulatives fit which skill, from blocks and chips to linking cubes and letter tiles, with a fading plan and a worked example.
- Onset and rime activities for small groups
Onset and rime activities with scripts and word lists: blending, splitting, picture slides and word-family tiles, plus a worked example and common mistakes.
- Phoneme addition activities for building blends
Phoneme addition activities that add a sound at the start, end or middle of a word, with word lists, tile routines and a worked example for blend spelling.
- Phoneme deletion activities, with letters and without
Phoneme deletion activities in order of difficulty, with word lists, tile routines and a frank look at oral-only deletion drills for students who already read.
- Phoneme substitution activities and word chains
Phoneme substitution activities from first-sound swaps to vowel changes, with ready word chains for letter tiles, scripts, a worked example and common mistakes.
- Phonemic awareness activities for 1st grade intervention
Phonemic awareness activities for 1st grade intervention: a month-by-month plan, six activities tied to letters, a worked example and the mistakes to avoid.
- Phonemic awareness activities to do at home with your child
Phonemic awareness activities for home: five-minute sound games for the car, kitchen and bath, how to say sounds clearly, and what to ask the teacher.
- Phonemic awareness for older students who struggle to read
When older students need phonemic awareness work, what the evidence says about oral drills, how to teach it with letters, and middle school goal examples.
- Phonemic awareness games for small groups, with data
Six phonemic awareness games for small groups that give every student many turns, plus a step-by-step way to track each student on a group data sheet.
- Phonological awareness in speech therapy: an SLP's plan
How SLPs build phonological awareness into speech therapy: using a child's target sounds, scoring around speech errors, sharing data with reading teachers.
- Rhyming activities for kindergarten intervention
Rhyming activities for kindergarten intervention groups, in order from hearing rhyme to making rhymes, with word lists, exact prompts and a six-week example.
- Syllable segmenting activities, from clapping to long words
Syllable segmenting activities in teaching order: clapping, chin drops, sorting, blending and dropping syllables, with word lists by length and an example.
Examples
- Auditory discrimination and auditory memory IEP goals
24 auditory discrimination and auditory memory IEP goals written as classroom skills, with baselines, criteria, what to rule out and the limits of drills.
- Phoneme segmentation IEP goals: 24 examples, with blending goals
24 phoneme segmentation and blending IEP goals, from CVC words to timed probes and long words, each with a baseline, criterion, scoring rule and template link.
- Phonemic awareness IEP goal examples
12 phonemic awareness IEP goals for isolating, blending, segmenting and changing sounds, each with a baseline, criterion and probe, plus links to letters.
- Rhyming IEP goals: 24 examples with baselines and data sheets
24 rhyming IEP goals for recognizing, matching, completing and producing rhymes, each with a baseline, criterion and probe, and when not to write one.
Comparisons
- Phonological awareness vs phonemic awareness vs phonics
Phonological awareness is hearing word parts, phonemic awareness is hearing single sounds, and phonics links sounds to letters. A table and 3 examples explain.
Templates
- Phonological awareness assessment template, with a completed example
A fill-in phonological awareness assessment with 13 short subtests, scoring and stop rules, a completed 1st grade example and notes on what reviewers check.
Explainers
- The phonemic awareness continuum: how the skills develop in order
The phonemic awareness continuum through one student's year: why words and syllables come before sounds, what makes a task harder, and where letters fit.
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