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Frequency Recording: how to measure IEP goals

Frequency recording answers: how many times did the behavior happen in a set period? It counts discrete events, like comments made, questions asked, or breaks requested, during a defined time.

162 templates in the library use frequency, across 39 skills. Each prints the frequency & rate tracker.

When to use it

  • Discrete behaviors with a clear start and end: raising a hand, initiating with a peer, using a break card
  • Behaviors to increase, such as spontaneous comments, or to decrease, such as comments made without a turn
  • Self-monitoring tallies the student keeps on a card
  • Not for behaviors that last a long or varying time, like crying or working; use duration

How to record it

  1. Write an operational definition of the behavior, with an example and a non-example.
  2. Pick the same observation period each time, such as the 30-minute math block.
  3. Make a tally mark each time the behavior happens, using a clicker, a sheet, or a counter.
  4. Record the start and end time so the count can be compared or turned into a rate.
  5. Note anything unusual about the session, such as a substitute teacher or a schedule change.

Writing the criterion and mastery rule

  • Write the criterion as "at least N times" or "no more than N times" and always name the observation period.
  • Keep the period the same length across sessions so counts compare.
  • For a decrease, also name the replacement behavior the student will use.
  • Pair it with a mastery rule such as "across 3 consecutive data collection days".

Common mistakes

  • Leaving out the observation period, so "3 times" could mean per class or per week.
  • Counting a behavior that has no clear start and end, so counts vary by observer.
  • Setting a target of zero for a behavior that is a normal part of school life.
  • Writing frequency as "% of the time", which mixes a count with a time measure.

Goal examples measured this way

Numbers are illustrative. Set targets from the student's own baseline data.

  • Peer Interaction

    Initiate interactions with peers during recess

    By the annual IEP review date, during a 20-minute recess period, the student will initiate an interaction with a peer (such as greeting, inviting to play, commenting, showing or offering an item) using speech, sign, AAC, or gesture independently at least 3 times per 20-minute recess period, across 3 consecutive observed recess periods, as measured by frequency recording collected twice weekly.

  • AAC & Augmentative Communication

    Use core words such as go, more, stop, and help across activities

    By the annual IEP review date, during a 20-minute classroom activity with the core board or device within reach and adults modeling core words, the student will use a core word on their board or device for a communicative purpose (such as "go" to start, "stop" to end, "help" to get assistance) independently at least 10 times per 20-minute activity, across 3 consecutive weekly observations, as measured by frequency recording collected weekly.

  • Replacement Behaviors

    Reduce physical aggression while using the replacement request

    By the annual IEP review date, across the school day with the replacement request available (break card, help card, or attention signal) and the behavior plan in place, the student will reduce physical aggression as defined in the behavior plan (hitting, kicking, pushing, or biting another person) to no more than 1 time per school day, with the replacement request taught and honored, across 4 consecutive weekly data summaries, as measured by frequency recording collected daily, every occurrence, summarized weekly.

  • Functional Communication

    Make spontaneous comments during shared activities

    By the annual IEP review date, during a 15-minute shared book reading or structured play activity with an adult or peers, the student will make spontaneous comments (such as "look," "uh oh," "my turn," "I like it," "funny") using speech, sign, AAC, or gestures independently at least 5 times per 15-minute shared activity, across 3 consecutive observed sessions, as measured by frequency recording collected twice weekly.

  • Early Communication

    Show a toy to share interest

    By the annual IEP review date, during a 15-minute play session with novel or cause-and-effect toys (such as a spinning top, a pop-up toy, or a toy that lights up) and an adult sitting nearby, the student will show an object to a partner by holding it up toward them, bringing it to them, or placing it in front of them to share interest (not to ask for help) independently at least 3 times per 15-minute play session, across 3 consecutive play sessions, as measured by frequency recording collected twice weekly.

  • Expressive Language

    Produce longer utterances in a language sample

    By the annual IEP review date, during a 10-minute play-based or picture-description language sample with the SLP, the student will produce utterances of four or more words using speech, sign, or their communication device independently at least 15 times per 10-minute language sample, across 3 consecutive weekly language samples, as measured by frequency recording collected weekly.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between frequency and rate?

Frequency is a count in a set period. Rate divides the count by the minutes observed, which helps when observation lengths vary. If every observation is the same length, frequency is simpler and works fine.

How long should a frequency observation be?

Long enough for the behavior to show up, and the same every time. For behaviors that happen often, 15 to 30 minutes is common; for rarer behaviors, a full class or day.

Can students collect their own frequency data?

Yes, with a simple tally card. An adult should count at the same time once or twice a week to check that the student's count is accurate.

IEP Atlas Pro

Turn these goals into progress reports

Pro tracks every goal on your caseload and drafts the report for you. Free for 14 days.

Count trials, prompts, and minutes live in the session; the graph and trend line draw themselves; progress reports are drafted from your data.