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Opportunity (Trial) Data: how to measure IEP goals

Opportunity data answers: when the chance came up, did the student use the skill? Each opportunity is recorded as independent, prompted, or not demonstrated, and the criterion is a count, such as 4 of 5 opportunities.

1593 templates in the library use opportunities, across 97 skills. Each prints the opportunity tracker.

When to use it

  • Skills that happen when a moment calls for them: requesting help, greeting, using a coping strategy, asking before borrowing
  • Planned trials in therapy or teaching, such as following a one-step direction 10 times
  • Communication with any mode, where each clear need to communicate is one opportunity
  • Not for behaviors with no clear start point or that happen constantly; use frequency or duration instead

How to record it

  1. Write down what counts as an opportunity before you start, such as "a peer greets the student".
  2. Set up or watch for the opportunity during the routine named in the goal.
  3. Wait a set time, such as 5 seconds, for an independent response before prompting.
  4. Record each opportunity as independent, prompted (with the prompt level), or not demonstrated.
  5. Total the independent responses out of the opportunities that happened.

Writing the criterion and mastery rule

  • Write the criterion as "in at least N of T opportunities", with T small enough to happen in one session or day.
  • Define the opportunity in the condition so two adults would count the same moments.
  • Count only independent responses toward the criterion unless the goal names a support.
  • Use a mastery rule like "on 4 of 5 observed days" so one good day does not end the goal.

Common mistakes

  • Not defining what an opportunity is, so each adult counts different moments.
  • Counting prompted responses as independent ones.
  • Writing more opportunities into the goal than the day really offers.
  • Converting to a percent across days with very different numbers of opportunities, which hides the real picture.

Goal examples measured this way

Numbers are illustrative. Set targets from the student's own baseline data.

  • Replacement Behaviors

    Ask for a break instead of leaving the task

    By the annual IEP review date, during a non-preferred academic task when the student shows a defined precursor (pushing materials away, putting the head down, or saying the work is too hard), the student will request a break using the taught form (spoken "break please," signed BREAK, or a break card handed to the adult) before leaving the seat or stopping work independently in at least 4 of 5 opportunities, across 3 consecutive weekly data summaries, as measured by opportunity-by-opportunity data collected daily during the target work period, summarized weekly.

  • AAC & Augmentative Communication

    Hand a picture to a partner to request a preferred item

    By the annual IEP review date, given a preferred item in view and a single picture of it within reach, during snack or play, the student will pick up the picture and release it into the partner's open hand independently in at least 8 of 10 opportunities, across 3 consecutive data collection days, as measured by opportunity-by-opportunity data collected daily during snack or play.

  • Emotional Regulation

    Report their current emotion and intensity on a visual scale

    By the annual IEP review date, at scheduled check-ins during the school day using a visual emotion and intensity scale, the student will identify their current emotion and intensity level by pointing to, naming, signing, or selecting it on the visual scale independently in at least 4 of 5 opportunities, across 3 consecutive data collection days, as measured by opportunity-by-opportunity data collected daily at 5 scheduled check-ins.

  • Peer Interaction

    Respond to peers' greetings, questions, and invitations

    By the annual IEP review date, when a peer greets them, asks a question, or invites them to play during unstructured times, the student will respond to the peer with a related word, sign, gesture, device message, or action (such as waving back, answering, joining the activity) independently in at least 4 of 5 opportunities, across 3 consecutive observed sessions, as measured by direct observation collected twice weekly.

  • Pragmatic Language

    Ask for clarification when a message is unclear

    By the annual IEP review date, when a direction or message is unclear, incomplete, or too fast during a structured barrier activity, the student will ask for clarification by naming what was unclear (such as "Which one?", "Can you say that slower?", "What does ___ mean?") independently in at least 4 of 5 opportunities, across 3 consecutive therapy sessions, as measured by opportunity-by-opportunity data collected during each therapy session and monthly in class.

  • Functional Communication

    Request preferred items or activities with two-symbol messages

    By the annual IEP review date, with access to their communication device during snack, play, and choice routines, the student will request a preferred item or activity by combining two symbols (such as "want bubbles," "more music," "go swing") independently in at least 8 of 10 opportunities, across 3 consecutive data collection days, as measured by opportunity-by-opportunity data collected three times per week.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between trials and opportunities?

Trials are planned by the adult, such as presenting 10 directions in a session. Opportunities can be planned or natural, such as each time a peer says hello. Both are recorded the same way, one response per chance.

How many opportunities should a goal include?

Enough to see a pattern in one session or day, often 5 to 10. A goal that needs 20 natural opportunities may not get them, so plan some if the day does not offer enough.

Should prompted responses count toward the goal?

Record them, because they show progress in prompt fading, but count only the response level the goal names. If the goal says "independently", prompted responses do not meet the criterion.

IEP Atlas Pro

Turn these goals into progress reports

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Count trials, prompts, and minutes live in the session; the graph and trend line draw themselves; progress reports are drafted from your data.